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Evaluation of a Mental Health Treatment Court with Assertive Community Treatment 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article studied the effect of Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) versus Treatment as Usual (TAU) on the life satisfaction ratings, psychological distress, level of functioning, substance use issues, and criminal activity of mentally ill residents of the Santa Barbara County Jail. The study administered four instruments to measure these variables. They used the Behavioral and Symptom Identification scale, the Lehman Quality of Life Scale, the Addiction Severity Index and the Global Assessment of Functioning to measure the effects of treatment. They also viewed arrest records to obtain criminal activity information. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A true experimental design was used. Participants who met the criteria for the study where randomly assigned to a control group, which received Treatment as Usual and a treatment group that was provided Assertive Community Treatment. Assessments were given at the start of the program, in six-month intervals, and then at the end of the program. This indicates a time trial type of method, but a pre-test and post-test were conducted. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Repeat offenders in the county jail who had been diagnosed with mental illnesses where the population studied. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The study indicated that inmates who received ACT and TAU both showed improvement in all areas studied. They found however, that participants in the ACT group reported higher levels of success in reducing drug problems and gaining independent living skills. This would help me in my profession, as I may be able to work in a jail and help repeat offenders become more independent and have fewer drug problems by providing them with Assertive Community Treatment. Effectiveness of Brief Counseling in Reducing HIV Risk Behavior in Injecting Drug Users†¦ 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article studied the effect of Brief Counseling on the risk behavior of injection drug users entering heroin detoxification treatment. Participants were recruited based on counselor availability, were given a pre-test, randomly assigned to receive either a 50-minute counseling or a packet of educational brochures. A post-test was then administered after three months to see if the individuals had participated in less HIV risk behavior. HIV risk behavior was measured using a questionnaire at pretest and again at subsequent follow-up interviews. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This study was a true experimental design and used the pre-test/post-test format. The subjects were randomly assigned to two groups, given a treatment, and then post-tested. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As mentioned above, the population studied was heroin users entering a detoxification clinic in San Francisco. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The study did not find significant differences between those assigned to counseling or those who received educational brochures in the reduction of risk behavior.

How Does the Framed Narrative Have an Effect in Ethan Frome? Essay

In the prologue, Wharton sets the frame for the main story. The prologue (and epilogue) take place some twenty years after the events of the main story and are written in the first person. The anonymous Narrator describes his first impressions of Ethan Frome and about how he pieced together the story of Ethan Frome from personal observation and from fragments of the story told to him by townspeople. The prologue not only introduces The Narrator, but also describes Starkfield and the winter setting, inhabitants of Starkfield, and provokes curiosity about the tragedy experienced by Ethan Frome. Frome is a badly crippled but striking older man whom the Narrator has seen at the post office in Starkfield. Harmon Gow, a former stagecoach driver who knows the histories of all the Starkfield families, responds to the Narrator’s questions about Frome by telling him that Frome was disfigured in a â€Å"smash-up,† an accident that occurred 24 years ago. But Gow provides few details. The framed narrative told in the first-person by the Narrator builds suspense around Ethan Frome and the events leading to the â€Å"smash-up† that disfigured him. By telling the story through the device of the frame, the Narrator is trying to learn a story that has already happened; Wharton gives Ethan’s story a sense of inevitability. By introducing his story as a flashback, the Narrator makes very clear the fact that what we are about to read is not a factual record of the occurrences leading up to Ethan’s accident, but his own impressions of what those occurrences may have been. According to The Narrator, Ethan has the remains of a once powerful and sensitive man, whom is now bound and frustrated by the crippling effects of a sledding accident. Even though Ethan is only fifty-two years old, he looks as though he is â€Å"dead and in hell.† Wharton builds suspense when she reveals that the Narrator is also intrigued by the look of incredible suffering and despair that he sees in an unguarded moment on Ethan’s face; Wharton provokes curiosity about the tragedy that has robbed Ethan of his life. Wharton provides minimal information about Ethan. Harmon Gow shares the sad history of the deaths of Ethan’s parents and of Zeena’s sicknesses, and he adds the comment that â€Å"most of the smart ones get away,† implying that Ethan was smart, but unfortunately was unable to leave Starkfield. The themes of silence and isolation are introduced by the author. The Narrator is impressed with Ethan’s solitude and apparent withdrawal into a protective shell. Ethan gives the postman a â€Å"silent nod† and would â€Å"listen quietly.† He responds briefly, in a low tone, when spoken to by one of the townspeople. Gradually, more of Ethan’s character emerges, especially after The Narrator has talked with Ethan during the trips to Corbury Flats. Ethan’s intelligence is revealed The Narrator through Ethan’s interest in a book of popular science, and a parallel between Ethan and The Narrator is established when they reveal that they have both been on engineering trips to Florida. Wharton suggests that The Narrator is the kind of man Ethan might have become if he had not become trapped in his marriage. Ethan did the right thing according to the accepted rules of society by caring for his wife; however, it wasn’t the right thing for him. Ethan pays the price by never achieving his potential. According to The Narrator, Ethan lives in a â€Å"depth of moral isolation.† Wharton uses battle imagery to describe the way winter conquers Starkfield. The Narrator mentions â€Å"the wild cavalry of March winds† and he understood â€Å"why Starkfield emerged from its six months’ siege like a starved garrison capitulating without quarter.† The winter season is predominant: Ethan’s memory of his trip to Florida seems to be covered with snow. Even the name of the town, â€Å"Starkfield,† is significant is symbolic of the moral landscape of the novel. It implies the devastating and isolating effects of the harsh winters on the land and the men who work the land. The conclusion is that the ravages of winter destroy both man’s will to survive and the buildings he constructs to shield him from his environment. The â€Å"exanimate,† or lifeless, remains of Ethan’s sawmill are an example. The Narrator comments on the landscape that also suggests the debilitating effects of winter: the â€Å"starved apple-trees writhing over a hillside† suggests the barren land that starves men rather than feeds them. The dead vine on the front porch of Fromes’ farmhouse is symbolic of the dead and dying spirits that inhabit the house and its graveyard. And as The Narrator observes, Fromes’ farmhouse â€Å"shivers† in the cold and looks â€Å"forlorn.† After his important description of the â€Å"L† shape of the house — â€Å"the long deep-roofed adjunct usually built at right angles to the main house, and connecting it, by way of storerooms and tool-house, with the wood-shed and cow-barn† — The Narrator perceives that the farmhouse is symbolic of Ethan himself. The house’s function appears to be a place of confinement and isolation for its inhabitants. Wharton easily changes the focus from The Narrator’s first impressions to the dramatic action of the journey taken by Ethan and The Narrator in the snowstorm. It is ironic that a blinding snowstorm forces The Narrator to take shelter in the Frome farmhouse — it opens his eyes to Ethan’s story. As a result of that, the breaking off of the narration just before the door opens increases the suspense and prepares the reader for The Narrator entering the farmhouse in the culmination of the tragedy in the epilogue.

Thomas Hobbes s Views On Human Nature And His Ideal...

Thomas Hobbes describes his views on human nature and his ideal government in Leviathan. He believes human nature is antagonistic, and condemns man to a life of violence and misery without strong government. In contrast to animals, who are able to live together in a society without a coercive power, Hobbes believes that men are unable to coexist peacefully without a greater authority because they are confrontational by nature. â€Å"In the nature of man†, Hobbes says â€Å"there are three principal causes of quarrel: first, competition; secondly, diffidence, thirdly, glory† and then he goes on to list man’s primary aims for each being gain, safety and reputation (Hobbes, Leviathan, 13, 6). For men, the common good is not the private and they can only be happy if they are better off in comparison to others. â€Å"Men are continually in competition for honor and dignity, which these creatures are not; and consequently amongst men there ariseth on that ground, envy and hatred, and finally war† (Hobbes, Leviathan, 17, 7). Due to these instinctive desires and behavioral patterns, he believes that the natural condition of man is troublesome and can only lead to a state of chaos and conflict. This state is undesirable and should be avoided. So while men continue to live without a common power to keep them in awe, they will be in a continuous state of war, which is every man against every man. Here, all men are each other’s enemies and the ideas of right and wrong along with just and unjust doShow MoreRelatedMonarchy Vs. 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